triple-loop learning

Argyris and Schön proposed a three-level evolutionary model of learning.

Level 1 - single loop learning

Involves detecting and rectifying errors or exceptions within the scope of the organisation's existing practices, policies, and norms of behaviour in order to ensure objectives are met.

Examples are: monitoring of quality standards, adherence to sales targets

Level 2 - double loop learning

Challenging the appropriateness of the organisation's basic norms, values, policies, and operating procedures.

Reconstructive learning which involves reconstructing basic aspects of the organisation's operations.

For example, should functions need to be outsourced, adopting a flatter organisational structure.

Level 3 - triple loop learning

Questions the rationale for the organisation, radically transforming it.

For example, a manufacturing company that transforms itself into a service organisation with all consequences it entails